[Event "Reykjavik Open"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "2025.04.09"]
[Round "1"]
[White "Eric, Dickson"]
[Black "Carr, Jay"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A47"]
[WhiteElo "1485"]
[BlackElo "1843"]
[Annotator "Carr, J"]
[PlyCount "56"]
[SourceVersionDate "2016.11.11"]
{[%evp 0,56,15,40,27,27,26,10,41,18,9,15,7,0,-15,-12,-6,-20,-30,-22,-7,-4,-6,
-25,1,-52,-13,-48,-42,-62,-48,-73,-58,-119,-136,-136,-136,-127,-116,-130,-126,
-132,-117,-117,-116,-111,-68,-142,-96,-101,-28,-59,0,0,0,0,0,-2694,-29984]} {
My opponent was a 51-year old Politics professor at NYU. We had a pleasant
post mortem and were joined by another American, Bill Putnam, who I had met
the prior night and played some warm-up games with prior to the blitz tourney.
Anyway, we all hit it off pretty well and when I asked after the post-mortem
if they wanted to grab a bit to eat, we adjourned to Bistro 101. We have since
kept up with each others progress in the following rounds.} 1. d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 e6
3. e3 b6 4. Be2 {My opponent said after the game that he just likes to get out
of theory as early as possible. Not very ambitious opening play here, but not
losing either.} Bb7 5. O-O Be7 6. a3 $6 {Almost never played here.} ({Relevant:
} 6. b3 O-O 7. Bb2 Ne4 8. c4 f5 9. Nc3 d6 10. Nd2 Nxc3 11. Bxc3 Nd7 12. Bf3 d5
13. cxd5 exd5 14. Nc4 Nf6 15. Ne5 Ne4 16. Bb2 Bd6 17. Rc1 c5 18. Nd3 Qe7 19.
dxc5 bxc5 20. Ba3 Rf6 21. Nf4 d4 22. Re1 Nc3 23. Rxc3 dxc3 24. Nd5 Qe5 25.
Nxf6+ gxf6 26. Bxb7 Qxh2+ 27. Kf1 Rd8 28. Qd5+ Kg7 29. Qxf5 c2 30. Qxc2 Qh1+
31. Ke2 Qh5+ 32. Bf3 {1-0 (32) Spata,G (2383)-Merino Garcia,R (2407) Chess.com
INT 2023}) 6... O-O 7. b4 {[#]} c5 $146 {Kind of "putting the question" to his
weird pawn set-up.} 8. c3 Qc7 9. Nbd2 d6 {I wasn't happy with this move, even
if it does prepare a potential ...e5 break at some point.} 10. Bb2 Nbd7 11. c4
Rac8 12. b5 Qb8 13. Qb3 {I struggled to decide what to do here. Finally I
decided I could just go fo a better pawn structure by the following pawn
exchanges, after which I felt fine.} cxd4 14. exd4 d5 15. cxd5 Nxd5 ({I was
wishfully thinking about playing} 15... Bxd5 {with the hopes of pinning
something on c4, but he can just defend that square too many times for me to
take advantage.} 16. Bc4 Rxc4 17. Nxc4) 16. Nc4 Nf4 {Happy to be able to play
this, winning the minor exchange} 17. Qe3 Nxe2+ 18. Qxe2 Bxf3 {Which I
promptly return in order to leave him with a badly damaged pawn structure.} 19.
gxf3 $15 Qf4 20. Ne5 Bd6 (20... f6 21. Nd3) 21. Qe3 (21. Bc1 $2 Rxc1 $1 22.
Rfxc1 Nxe5 $19) 21... Bxe5 22. dxe5 Qf5 23. Kh1 Nc5 (23... Rc5 $142 $17) 24.
Rg1 Qc2 {We were both pretty short of time at this point - with a lot of moves
yet to be played to reach move 40 - and this caused him to spend a lot of time.
} 25. Rac1 Qxb2 $2 {This allows a drawing combination of which was oblivious.}
({It's important to keep the queen on the b1-h7 diagonal with} 25... Qd3) 26.
Rxg7+ $1 $11 Kh8 $8 (26... Kxg7 $4 27. Qg5+ Kh8 28. Qf6+ Kg8 29. Rg1#) 27. Qh6
Qxc1+ $8 28. Kg2 $4 {I think out time pressure cause a mutual loss of our
chess faculties as this finish is a true comedy of errors. I was just lucky he
made the last one.} ({White can draw by perpetual after} 28. Qxc1 Kxg7 29. Qg5+
Kh8 30. Qf6+ $11) 28... Qxh6 0-1
[Event "Reykjavik Open"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "2025.04.10"]
[Round "2"]
[White "Carr, Jay"]
[Black "Roubert, Emile"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A06"]
[WhiteElo "1843"]
[BlackElo "2050"]
[Annotator "Carr, J"]
[PlyCount "52"]
[SourceVersionDate "2016.11.11"]
{[%evp 0,52,25,21,32,10,10,-18,-2,1,-12,9,3,-11,-4,-28,17,10,49,56,37,48,37,30,
82,113,88,71,95,-37,20,-156,-192,-183,-205,-216,-200,-200,-203,-304,-304,-307,
-330,-353,-350,-480,-452,-488,-450,-474,-495,-518,-530,-538,-523]} {My
opponent was a Frenchman. A nice guy who analyzed with me a bit after the game.
The post-game session left me feeling a little like a beginner as he was
clearly stronger at calculation during the game than I was, and he had a good
idea of what was going on in the opening we ended up in, even though it's part
of my repertoire and should be something I'm on firm ground in. In my defense
I followed my repertoire until he varied with 8...Be7, and my repertoire
betrayed me (ha!) by not covering that move.} 1. Nf3 d5 2. e3 Nf6 3. b3 Bg4 4.
h3 ({Relevant:} 4. Bb2 e6 5. h3 Bxf3 6. Qxf3 Nbd7 7. g3 Bd6 8. Bg2 a5 9. a3 O-O
10. O-O c6 11. Qd1 Qe7 12. d3 Be5 13. c3 Ne8 14. e4 dxe4 15. dxe4 a4 16. b4 Bf6
17. Nd2 Nd6 18. Qc2 b5 19. c4 Bxb2 20. Qxb2 Nxc4 21. Nxc4 bxc4 22. Rfc1 c5 23.
Rxc4 Rab8 24. Rb1 h5 25. h4 Rb6 26. Qc3 Rfb8 27. e5 cxb4 28. Rbxb4 Rxb4 29.
axb4 Nb6 30. Rc7 Qd8 31. b5 g6 32. Ra7 Nc8 33. Ra6 Nb6 {Nihal,S (2668)-Korobov,
A (2660) Vrnjacka Banja 2024 1-0 (85)}) 4... Bxf3 5. Qxf3 e5 {My opponent said
he had reviewed this line before the game thinking he could likely see it on
the board based on what he found on me in the database.} 6. Bb2 Nbd7 7. g4 c6
8. c4 {[#]} Be7 $146 {My book on the RQID only gives ...Bd6 here, with good
play for white. I found it hard to come up with a good plan against his
reasonable move, though} ({Predecessor:} 8... e4 9. Qd1 h6 10. cxd5 cxd5 11.
Bb5 Be7 12. Nc3 a6 13. Bxd7+ Qxd7 14. Ne2 O-O 15. Nd4 Ne8 16. O-O Bf6 17. d3
Nd6 18. dxe4 Nxe4 19. Rc1 Rfe8 20. Qe2 Ng5 21. Kg2 Re4 22. Nf5 Re6 23. Rfd1 Ne4
24. Bxf6 Nxf6 25. Qf3 Rae8 26. Rc2 Rc8 27. Rdc1 Rxc2 28. Rxc2 Ne4 29. Qf4 Rc6
30. Rxc6 bxc6 31. Qe5 f6 32. Qe7 Qxe7 33. Nxe7+ Kf7 34. Nxc6 Nc3 35. a4 Ke6 36.
Nb8 a5 37. Nc6 Kd6 38. Nxa5 {Maghsoodloo,P (2676)-Guliyev,N (2538) Europe
Echecs INT 2020 1-0 (61)}) 9. Nc3 d4 {Of course I realized this was a
possibility, but perhaps I didn't take it that seriously. He did spend a log
time deciding on this and said after the game that he overlooked that my queen
could also go to f5 in a couple moves.} 10. exd4 exd4 11. Ne2 ({I was
originally intending to play} 11. Ne4 $5 {and am not sure now why I eventually
decided on Ne2}) 11... Ne5 12. Qf5 ({For a moment, I considered} 12. Qg3 $2 {
but that is horrible after} Bd6 13. f4 Ne4 $19) 12... Bd6 13. Nxd4 g6 $1 14.
Qc2 $2 (14. Qg5 $142 $1 $16) 14... Bc5 {He spent a long time on this move and
I was trying to calculate as well while his clock was ticking. By the time he
moved, I had decided a few minutes ago that this was probably his best move
and really put the pressure on me to find the correct path. I spent a long
time in reply and failed to play the key move - though it was one of my
candidate moves.} 15. g5 $4 $19 (15. Nf5 $1 Nf3+ (15... gxf5 16. Bxe5 Qe7 17.
f4 $14) 16. Ke2 $11 {I actually had looked at this move in many of lines I was
trying to analyze at this point. I remember thinking it looks "so audacious"
but it also looks like it might be good!} gxf5 $2 (16... Nd4+ 17. Nxd4 Bxd4 18.
Kd1 O-O 19. Bg2 $11) 17. Kxf3 $1 $18) (15. Nxc6) (15. Ne6 Qe7 (15... Nf3+ $1
16. Ke2 fxe6 17. Kxf3 O-O $19) 16. Nxc5 $4 {would be somewhat embarrassing.} (
16. O-O-O fxe6 17. Bxe5) 16... Nd3+ 17. Kd1 Qe1#) ({In the post-mortem, my
opponent suggested} 15. f4 {instead, which is indeed better than g5, but not
better than Nf5}) (15. Ne2 Nd3+ 16. Kd1 Nxf2+ $19 (16... Nxb2+ 17. Qxb2 $17)
17. Kc1 Nxh1 18. g5) 15... Bxd4 16. O-O-O {I had high hopes for this move,
naively thinking I would be able to regain the piece} Nh5 17. Qe4 Bxb2+ 18.
Kxb2 Qxg5 19. d4 O-O-O $1 {I had overlooked this when long castling myself.
The undefended rook on d1 is my demise. :-|} 20. h4 {I was calculating so
poorly that I thought for a moment that this move saved me as I got to
"connect my rooks with check!" with Bh3+, only afterward did I see that he
blocks the check by retreating the very knight I was trying to recapture to
restore material equality} Qf4 21. Bh3+ Nd7 {I should probably just resign now,
but I played on a few more moves out of momentum and making the the 'move
count' look a little more respectable. :-)} 22. Qe7 f5 23. Rhe1 Rhe8 24. Qxe8
Rxe8 25. Rxe8+ Kc7 26. Re2 Qxh4 {This game left me pretty discouraged, as I
have been trying to focus more on improving my calculating ability than other
areas of study, yet here I failed to rise to the occasion. Agreed, this was a
truly chaotic position after move 14, but maybe I could have found - and stuck
with - my calculation of the Nf5 idea (which I had seen but dismissed). Oh,
well. Perhaps this is a position I can turn into an exercise for a future Camp
Calculation. I have to hand it to my opponent as well, since he dispatched me
pretty efficiently after my g5 error.} 0-1
[Event "Reykjavik Open"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "2025.04.10"]
[Round "3"]
[White "Marinescu, Andra"]
[Black "Carr, Jay"]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]
[ECO "B22"]
[BlackElo "1843"]
[Annotator "Carr, J"]
[PlyCount "45"]
[SourceVersionDate "2016.11.11"]
{My opponent was from Seattle. I asked about her "Rumanian-sounding" name and
she said she was born there but her family moved to the US when she was six. I
told her I had recently played Viktors Pupols from "her area" and she knew him
and said he 'shows up every week' at whatever club they play at. This was also
her first FIDE-rated event, though she is an active player in the US. We had
some pleasant convesation in the post-mortem, where we were joined by my new
American buddy, Bill Putnam, who won his third round game to get "out of
steerage."} 1. e4 c5 2. c3 {No Open Sicilian for you! (of course) I had a
disaster in this line in last year's event vs. Denmark's Tim Jaksland} Nf6 3.
e5 Nd5 4. Nf3 {Many players insert this before playing d4. I'm not sure if
it's independently significant. I guess that's something I should know!} e6 5.
d4 cxd4 6. cxd4 d6 7. a3 $5 {I couldn't recall at the board how this line went.
Looking at the online database, Tiviakov has played in multiple times, while
other strong players have ventured it at least once. Harikrishna says "this is
an interesting half-waiting move, ridding Black of the ...Bb4+ option in some
lines. On the other hand it is quite slow and does not threaten the d5-Knight
in any way, therefore we will opt for the familiar ...Bd7-c6 maneuver again"}
Be7 {A good thing to remember is black often delays the ...Be7 move so as to
not have to move the bishop twice after exd6 by white.} (7... Bd7 $142 8. Bd3
Bc6 9. O-O Nd7 {Harikrisha calls the ...Bd7...Bc6 set up "rock solid" but adds
that the only danger is the Bishop getting trapped after} 10. b4 {so black
meets this with} (10. Re1 Rc8) 10... a6 $1 11. Nbd2 dxe5 12. dxe5 Be7 $11 {
is a main line as given by Harikrishna.}) 8. Bd3 b6 {8...0-0 is setting a new
trend.} ({Relevant:} 8... O-O 9. O-O b6 10. Qc2 g6 11. Bh6 Re8 12. Nbd2 Ba6 13.
Bxa6 Nxa6 14. Ne4 dxe5 15. Nxe5 Rc8 16. Qd3 Nb8 17. Qf3 f5 18. Rac1 Nd7 19. Nc6
Rxc6 20. Rxc6 fxe4 21. Qxe4 Bf8 22. Rxe6 N7f6 23. Rxe8 Qxe8 24. Qxe8 Nxe8 25.
Bxf8 Kxf8 26. Re1 Kf7 27. g3 a5 28. Kg2 Nd6 29. Rc1 Ke7 30. Kf3 a4 31. Ke2 b5
32. Kd3 Nc4 33. Rxc4 bxc4+ 34. Kxc4 Nf6 35. f3 g5 36. Kb5 Nd5 37. Kxa4 Ne3 38.
Kb5 {Wang,H (2709)-Harikrishna,P (2744) Huaian 2017 1-0}) 9. O-O Nd7 10. Qe2 {
White often goes for the Bd3-Qe4 battery to menace black's kingside. At least
I haven't castgled there yet} Bb7 11. Nc3 $6 {I felt this was inaccurate -
indeed it has barely been played, with most players choosing Bd2 instead. Why
"compromise" the pawn structure like that?} Nxc3 12. bxc3 dxe5 13. Nxe5 (13.
dxe5 {leaves black a nice outpost on c5 to use at some point}) 13... Nxe5 14.
Qxe5 {With both sets of knights traded off, I felt there was less chance of me
getting checkmated, but it still felt like there was menace in the air if one
is careless.} (14. dxe5 Qd5 {might be an attempt to win a pawn, but white will
surely get compensation with Bb5+ the moment he gets the chance.} 15. f3 Qc5+)
14... O-O 15. Re1 {[#]} Bf6 $146 16. Qh5 g6 17. Qg4 Rc8 18. Bd2 (18. Bh6 Bg7
19. Bxg7 Kxg7 20. h4 $2 Rxc3 $19) 18... Rc7 {I felt this was a multi-purpose
waiting move. The rook might prove useful defending on the 7th rank if there
are eventual exchanges or sacrifices on g6. Also the rook clears c8 for the
bishop, where it could discourage f5 as well.} ({I really wanted to play} 18...
e5 {here and spent 12 minutes before finally eschewing it and playing ...Rc7}
19. dxe5 (19. Bh6 {This is the idea that scared me off of ...e5. White is able
to get BOTH vulnerable bishops off the d-file with tempo by hitting my rooks.}
Re8 20. Bb5 Bc6 $15) 19... Qxd3 20. exf6 $2 Qxd2 $19) 19. f4 {No ...e5 for
black now} Bc8 (19... Bg7 {also stops the f5 advance, but I felt ...Bc8 was
more active as it prepares a discovered attack on the queen.}) 20. Qf3 Bb7 21.
Qg4 Bc8 {I thought, "sure, I'll repeat twice" since I was going to be in time
pressure before we hit move 40, but I didn't think I would have to come up
with a different move. I thought she still had ambitions to win, maybe by
pushing g4 and attempting a pawn storm and didn't really expect her to repeat.
She said after the game that she has a phobia about "not taking a draw when
she has one" as she felt she always later lost when she did that. Anyway, I
wasn't too unhappy with a draw as this was a two-round day ands I was pretty
tired by this point.} 22. Qf3 Bb7 (22... Bg7 {is possible I guess and if white
plays} 23. g4 {there is at least the idea of the crazy} f5 24. gxf5 exf5 {
Where black may have some realistic chances of taking advantage of the long
diagon since white can no longer stick his bishop on e4 to block it.}) 23. Qg4
1/2-1/2
[Event "Reykjavik Open"]
[Site "?"]
[Date "2025.04.11"]
[Round "4"]
[White "Carr, Jay"]
[Black "Schwarz, David"]
[Result "0-1"]
[ECO "A00"]
[WhiteElo "1843"]
[BlackElo "2028"]
[Annotator "Carr, J"]
[PlyCount "70"]
[SourceVersionDate "2016.11.11"]
{[%evp 0,70,16,15,17,20,23,30,13,18,43,41,46,58,58,58,58,58,80,87,94,73,179,
179,157,32,32,32,32,32,32,38,58,55,57,-1,0,-21,-21,-45,12,-23,-23,-36,-36,-66,
-83,-74,-33,-71,-64,-69,-61,-176,-186,-237,-123,-194,-194,-180,-180,-200,-121,
-212,-189,-233,-231,-1452,-1432,-1441,-1663,-29995,-29996]} {My opponent was a
young German player, born in 2007, so either 17 or 18 years old. He had 1
point thus far, but his losses were to 2200+ players, one of them being IM
Malcolm Pein, who he'd played in the 3rd round. From the prep/research I did,
he appeared to be a QGD or Tarrasch players against d4/c4/Nf3 openings, so his
first move was a surprise. He was friendly enough, but pretty taciturn (maybe
he didn't speak any -or little - English, and started making his moves "with a
flourish" when he was clearly winning, which I found annoying.} 1. Nf3 Nc6 {
Though I've seen this in blitz online, this is the first time I've faced this
response to Nf3 over the board. If Glenn Snow were still alive we would be
joking about his predilection for blocking his c-pawn} 2. e3 {Already, I make
a poor decision, repertoire-wise. I know the standard response is 2. d4, and I
know some stuff if the game continues with 2... d5 3 e6 Bg4 4. Bb5, etc.,
which I've had some nice wins in (only in blitz, though). However, suddenly at
the board, I had this 'fear' that he must be a Tchigorin Defense (to the QG)
player and didn't want to commit myself to d4 too soon. Who cares, though?
Maybe I wouldn't want to commit to c4 too soon, but that is not my repertoire.
So, I outsmart myself again.} e5 {As soon as he played this move I realized my
response to his weird first move was not very precise, repertoire-wise.} 3. d4
{So I decide to play a kind of Reversed French Defense, but I haven't played
the French as Black since the '80s and am not too sharp on those grounds these
days.} (3. d3 {is playable, of course, and might lead to a type of opening I'm
more familiar with, but I felt that would be a concession and similar to white
'choosing to play black.'}) 3... e4 ({Relevant:} 3... exd4 4. exd4 d5 5. c4 Nf6
6. Nc3 Be7 7. cxd5 Nxd5 8. Bc4 Be6 9. Bb5 O-O 10. Bxc6 bxc6 11. Ne5 Nxc3 12.
bxc3 c5 13. Nc6 Qd7 14. Nxe7+ Qxe7 15. O-O cxd4 16. cxd4 Bd5 17. Re1 Qd7 18.
Bf4 c6 19. Qd2 f6 20. Bg3 h5 21. h4 Qf5 22. Qf4 Qg6 23. a3 Rae8 24. Kh2 a6 25.
Qd2 Qg4 26. Qf4 Qg6 27. Qd2 Re4 28. Rxe4 Bxe4 29. f3 Bd5 30. Re1 Re8 31. Rxe8+
Qxe8 32. Bf4 Qe7 33. Qe3 {Parligras,M (2591)-Vokhidov,S (2512) Chess.com INT
2020 1/2-1/2 (69)}) 4. Nfd2 d5 5. c4 Nf6 6. Nc3 Be6 7. cxd5 ({I looked at} 7.
Qb3 {but didn't think it was very good after} dxc4 8. Qxb7 Nb4 {though} 9.
Ndxe4 Nc2+ 10. Kd1 Nxa1 11. Nxf6+ gxf6 12. Qc6+ Bd7 13. Qxc4 {might be
interesting, it is bad for white.}) 7... Bxd5 (7... Nxd5 $2 8. Ndxe4 $14) 8. a3
$6 {[#] I spend a tempo on removing the possibility of ...Nb4 ideas by him; I
should probably focus instead on development, but what shoiuld I play here.} ({
Maybe} 8. g3 $5) 8... Qe7 $146 {I suspect now that my opponent has maybe seen
the sacrificial idea on ...Nxd4 already (as it seems odd for him to block the
dark squared bishop) but it also adds a defender to e5, which likely will be
necessary as it was my plan to try to win his overextended pawn.} 9. Qc2 O-O-O
10. g3 $6 {I spent nine minutes on this move (I was also considering the
audacious 10. g4!?) but finally decided to 'be safe' as I was completely
oblivious to his sacrificial idea, which really shocked and discombobulated me.
} Nxd4 $5 {This was an unpleasant surprise. I tried to remain calm and
maintain a poker face, but did go into a deep think, trying to find the best
way forward,} 11. exd4 (11. Bh3+ Kb8) ({I thought that} 11. Qa4 Bc6 {achieved
nothing but it seems far better than the game} (11... Nc6 $142 12. Bg2 $11) 12.
Qxa7 Nc2+ $2 (12... Ne6 $16) 13. Kd1 Nxa1 14. Bh3+ $18) 11... e3 12. Bh3+ Kb8
13. O-O exd2 14. Bxd2 $11 Be6 15. Bg2 h5 ({I was willing to allow} 15... Rxd4 {
as I felt I would have a good initiative attack his queenside if he took the
pawn} 16. Be3 Rc4 (16... Rd8 $14) 17. b3 $16) 16. Bg5 Qd7 17. Bxf6 (17. Ne4 $14
) 17... gxf6 18. Qe4 c6 $15 19. Rfd1 Bf5 20. Qh4 Bg4 $1 {After he played this
move, I began to fully appreciate that he was not only trying to encircle/
harrass my rook with bishop moves, but that the possibility of trapping my
queen is very real.} 21. Qxf6 $2 {I wrongly decided to sacrifice the exchange.}
({I thought my queen was getting trapped after} 21. Rd2 Bh6 22. f4 Rhg8 {
but it appears} 23. Ne4 {saves me}) (21. Rd3 {is also possible}) 21... Be7 22.
Qf4+ Bd6 23. Qe3 Rde8 24. Qd2 Bxd1 $17 25. Rxd1 f5 26. f4 $19 {Though it felt
like suicide to open the g1-a7 diagonal, allowing ...f4 felt suicidal too.} (
26. b4 {is the engine recommendation, not so much to 'attack' with b5, but to
prevent black's ...c5. Seems hopeless though.}) 26... h4 27. Ne2 c5 {I knew
this was coming. Oddly, my opponent, who had played very quickly the entire
game, suddenly spent 25 minutes over his next few moves here. I wondered if he
was just enjoying in being in a powerful position, or if he was "practicing
his calculation" or if he was just being extra careful not to screw up a huge
advantage. It felt to me like the game kinda played itself for black here
though.} 28. d5 Qe7 29. Kf2 hxg3+ 30. hxg3 Rh2 31. Nc3 c4 {freeing up the
diagonal is the final nail in the coffin} 32. Kg1 Rh6 33. Kf2 Bc5+ 34. Kf1 (34.
Kf3 Qe3+ 35. Qxe3 Rxe3+) 34... Qh7 35. Ne2 Rh1+ {What a disappointment
analyzing this game was. I had much better opportunities than I thought after
his shocking ...Nxd4 'sacrifice' It seems a lot of my defensive tries were
ruled out by me too quickly, without sufficient analysis, which is something
to definitely work on, although I did spend a lot of time doing the
calculating that I did, so that means I need to work on both the speed and the
completeness of my calculation. A tall order to improve both but otherwise I
will remain a patzer.} 0-1